Automobiles of today must constantly change their speeds in reaction to changing road and traffic circumstances as the pace and density of road traffic increases. In sophisticated automobiles, the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) is a vehicle safety system that enhances the vehicle's stability and steering capabilities by varying the torque to maintain the slip ratio at a safe level. This paper analyzes the performance of classical control, model reference adaptive control (MRAC), and intelligent control for controlling the (ABS). The ABS controller's goal is to keep the wheel slip ratio, which includes nonlinearities, parametric uncertainties, and disturbances as close to an optimal slip value as possible. This will decrease the stopping distance and guarantee safe vehicle operation during braking. A Bang-bang controller, PID, PID based Model Reference Adaptive Control (PID-MRAD), Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controller are used to control the vehicle model. The car was tested on a dry asphalt and ice road with only straight-line braking. Based on slip ratio, vehicle speed, angular velocity, and stopping time, comparisons are performed between all control strategies. To analyze braking characteristics, the simulation changes the road surface condition, vehicle weight, and control methods. The simulation results revealed that our objectives were met. The simulation results clearly show that the ANFIS provides more flexibility and improves system-tracking precision in control action compared to the Bang-bang, PID, PID-MRAC, and FLC.

In the life of oil production can defined into three steps, primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary recovery can include natural mechanisms such as rock expansion, gas cap, and solution gas, secondary recovery that use injection water or gas to maintenance reservoir pressure, enhanced oil recovery (tertiary recovery) that include injection special materials that is chemicals fluids, gas injection, and polymer injection. In this research use done Arabic gum as polymer flooding by using Gaberoun Water Leak & distillate water as soluble material and to make a comparison between two different water, use done three scenarios of the Arabic gum concentration, the first scenario Arabic gum with a concentration of 1%wt, the second scenario Arabic gum with concentration 3%wt and the third scenario with 5%wt. Imbibition test done used for this study by using Sandstone core samples aged in oil for a long time period reach about 3 weeks, the results of Recovery is obtained in oven temperature from 30℃ to 70℃. The oil recovery results are not very good as oil recovery by using Gaberoun Water Leak without any change on sandstone core samples, in this research reach to about 65, 62, and to 74 for 1wt%, 3wt% and 5wt% Arabic gum with Gaberoun Water Leak.

Antennas play very important role in the performance and consistency of any wireless communication system. In this work we have design, investigate, and optimize the various parameters as well as the bandwidth of a multi-band microstrip antenna using different positions of slot patch and defected ground plane structures (DGS) techniques. A Roger RT/ duroid 5880 substrate with dielectric constant 2.2, and ground plane with an area of 80mm×90mm have been chosen for operation at three different frequency bands centered at (2.30-2.7) GHz, (4.0-4.7) GHz and (5.2-5.8) GHz. The operation scope of the proposed structures is intended to work for WLAN, IMT (International mobile telecommunications) and WiMAX applications. Ansoft-High Frequency Structured Simulation package (Ansoft-HFSS) has been used as realization software of the proposed antennas.

In first stage of each microwave receiver there is Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) circuit, and this stage has important rule in minimizing the system noise figure, provide enough gain with sufficient linearity, and assure a stable 50 Ω input impedance at a low power consumption. The design of a LNA in Radio Frequency/Microwave (RF/MW) circuit requires the trade-off many importance characteristics such as gain, Noise Figure (NF), stability, power consumption and complexity. This situation Forces the designers to make choices in the design of RF circuits. In this paper the aim is to design and simulate a LNA circuit with high gain and low noise using E-pHEMT MGA665P8 transistor for frequency of 4 GHz. The amplifier is manually designed using conventional technique, Smith chart was used to do a matching of the input and output of the amplifier. The matching network was designed with microstrip lines and it’s single-stub with minimum lengths. A completed design of amplifier was optimized using Hewlett- Packard Advanced Design System (HP-ADS) software. A single stage LNA has successfully designed with 21.032 dB forward gain and 0.697 dB noise figure and working stably in the desired frequency.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinder is a thin pressure vessel used to meet energy requirements in household applications. Bursting of a pressure vessel is disastrous and many fatal accidents are happened due to pressure vessel bursting. The main goal of the current paper is focused to determine experimentally the burst pressures (BP) and failure locations of LPG cylinders. To ensure that the cylinders are in conformance with International Standards. The experiments were carried out on two samples of LPG cylinders used in Libya (C1 and C2). The experimental burst test investigations done by hydrostatic test in which the cylinders were internally pressurized with water. The permanent volume expansions of the LPG cylinders due to internal pressure were also examined. All tests in this study were subject to standard specifications (ISO 4706), which is needed to be conducted on LPG cylinders before introducing them to the Libyan market. Among these tests, the hydro-tests are major tests to be conducted on LPG Cylinders to get approval and acceptance. Hydro-tests on LPG cylinders reveal permanent volumetric expansion of the cylinder, nominal hoop stresses at the time of destruction and the internal pressure at which a cylinder burst. These values are important to ensure that the design and construction of cylinders are safe and compiled to standards.

The main goal of the current paper is focused to investigate and reveal the importance critical

transition temperatures. Different techniques were used to reveal the critical transition temperatures.

The medium carbon vanadium titanium and titanium free micro alloyed steels tested in this work by

isothermal treatment. In order to reveal experimentally the critical forming temperatures and

compare it by predicted using equations and also describe the influence of alloying elements

on the transformation behavior, martensitic starting formation temperature. This study

has been carried out over a wide range of isothermal treatment temperature (270-350

The spread of ICT in education and learning has changed the way of teaching and learning, and

this raised the issue of getting e-learning systems to adapt/personalize with respect to student's

knowledge achievement. However, the relation between the concepts in the programming domain

are not definitive and they are fuzzily related. In this Paper, we describe a practical experience for

developing adaptable e-learning system using fuzzy logic to model and evaluate student's

knowledge for the purpose of adaptation in the field of Computer Programming. Fuzzy logic

technique modeled as a plugin on MOODLE Learning Management System at the Libyan

Academy for Postgraduate Studies is developed. Conclusions highlighted some important lessons

in increasing learning effectiveness and learner's satisfaction.

Abstract

in this paper, (CFD) Computational Fluid Dynamics was used for a detailed burner design by the software Fluent (ANSYS). However, a number of numerical simulations were performed on a generic swirl burner and turbulence flow selection of a non-premixed which using syngas. However, non-premixed flames which characterized by relatively high temperatures, high NOx concentrations, and emission indices. The results showed that the presence of methane in syngas increases the peak flame temperature and the thermal NOx, significantly. Therefore, Investigation showed that effecting of H2, CO, and N2 contents in the fuel mixture level NOx emissions, thus the present compositions for pure methane are respectively influenced on syngas1 by (10% CH4, 45% H2, 45% CO) , syngas2 by (50% CH4, 10% H2, 40%N2) and syngas3 (60% CH4, 20% H2, 20%N2).