Produced water from carbonate reservoir can be reinjected into the formation to stimulate hydrocarbon production in aging wells. This is known as water injection or water flooding. This is the most economically friendly method of produced water disposal. In this paper, a laboratory approach to compare and evaluate the efficiency of formation and sea water injection for enhancing oil recovery at room condition in carbonate reservoirs. The main objective of this paper to achieve the maximum oil recovery for the limestone rock by using formation and sea water. This study was conducted using several samples of limestone rock saturated with oil by placing them in the reservoir conditions by placing them in a vacuum oven to ensure complete saturation of the samples with oil and then extracting the oil from them using liquid permeability where the samples are injected by formation and sea water. The oil recovery by formation water injection is range from 26.4 % to 47 %. The oil recovery by sea water injection is range from 0.00 % to 10 %. The oil recovery factor for formation water injection is higher than the oil recovery factor for sea water injection.

The implementation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in the Libyan construction industry is still in its early stages. However, there is a growing interest in BIM among industry professionals due to its potential to improve project efficiency, reduce errors, and enhance collaboration between project stakeholders. There is potential for significant growth in the future as industry professionals become more familiar with BIM and its benefits and as the government and industry associations take steps to promote its adoption. This study investigates the potential of Building Information Modeling (BIM) implementation and the barriers to non-implement BIM in the Libyan construction sector. 500 questionnaires were sent out via online survey, and 101 completed questionnaires were returned and analyzed using the mean index and ranking method as part of the investigation. The study's findings indicated that BIM currently can be used in the design and operation stages, and it is strongly advised that might be implemented for all phases of Libyan building over the project lifecycle.

Class E power amplifier circuit consists mainly of a transistor operates as a switch, load network and series LC filter tuned to fundamental frequency. There is different configurations to realize class E power amplifier circuit according to the load network such as: shunt capacitance configuration, shunt inductance configuration and parallel circuit configuration. In this paper the performance parameters (such as: PAE, overall efficiency, drain efficiency, gain, drain voltage and current waveforms) of class E power amplifier with shunt capacitance configuration at frequencies [0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 GHz] are observed

This paper presents a synthesizing design of a linear antenna array by adapting the Schelkunoff method. The idea behind this type of design is to produce nulls in radiation pattern of a structure without any notable effects on the main lobe. This design has been undertaken around 9 GHz, where both theoretical and simulation results are achieved and will be the target of this work. X-band searching radar system is considered where sing

The aim of this work was to establish a temperature of finish rolling stage of Nb/Ti microalloyed steel containing 0.06 wt.% C, 0.77 wt.% Mn, 0.039 wt.% Nb and 0.015 wt.% Ti, using physical simulation. Samples were subjected to laboratory simulation at a twist plastometer at high temperatures, i.e. between 825 and 950 °C. Five pass deformation and interpass times were selected in accordance with a processing parameters at five stand finishing hot strip mill. Restoration (recovery and/or recrystallization) behavior was evaluated by calculation of Fraction Softening (FS) and Area Softening Parameter (ASP) values. At 950 °C all individual pass stress-strain curves, FS and ASP show full recrystallization in all interpass intervals. On the other hand, with a decrease in temperature to the interval of 875-825 °C, the extent of restoration is decreasing, leading to recovery as a sole softening mechanism at 825 °C, which was confirmed by the stress-strain curve shape, and values of FS and ASP. It is assumed that, due to high supersaturation, strain-induced precipitation promoted pinning of grain and subgrain boundaries and suppressed recrystallization. Therefore, the critical temperature for finish rolling was estimated to be 825 °C.

Shaping of the conductor or any of the other parts of the patch radiators plays important role in changing the working parameters of this type of antennas. In this work Annular, shape has been introduced on the conductor patch. Different dimensions have been introduced on the annular geometry and with a help of a simulation package obtained results are dependable on for application in microwave frequency ranging from 2.5 GHz to 5 GHz. Encouraging values of Bandwidth have been obtained with reasonable output of return loss

This paper presents the design and simulation of a microstrip array patch antenna operating at 28 GHz for 5G communication with a maximum reflection coefficient of -17 dB, a very wide bandwidth of 1.5 GHz and a high gain of 6.84 dB. A Roger RT5880, which has a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a height of 0.2 mm has been used as a transmission line with an inset feed. Antenna dimensions were calculated and simulated results have been performed and analyzed using CST Microwave Studio Package. Moreover, linear array with 3x1 and 5x1, to provide better gain to reach 13 dB and reducing the mutual effect, was developed using decoupling simple slab techniques.

This research presents patch antenna design that enhances its performance to work in 5G band with: sufficient bandwidth, acceptable insertion loss level and effective gain value. A selective procedure for finding suitable patch height has been undertaken. Parallel to this a technique of inserting appropriate Rectangular back holes in substrate has been also made. A simulation program using recent version of the well-known HFSS has been used for obtaining best of results. Sufficient bandwidth values in the range of (27 - 29.39)GHz with return loss range( -15dB - -33dB) have been obtained with acceptable gain value.

The security of the communication channels has become a hot research topic for the 5G due to the tremendous advancements in wireless communications over the past two decades, including the recent emergence of the fifth generation (5G) in mobile wireless communications, which is anticipated to support extremely large user connections and exponentially increase the wireless services. This paper describes a new approach to the problem of interception of wireless communication channels between the legitimate users. Physical Layer Security PLS is new topic enhancing the secrecy performance of a Single-input-multiple-output (SIMO) system for wireless communication from one base-station equipped by single transmitting antenna to many users equipped by multiple receiving antennas each. The receiving beamforming techniques “with a perfect channel CSI is assumed”, such as Maximum Ratio Combining MRC and Equal Gain Combining EGC is utilized in order to achieve the perfect secure receiving for the legitimate users. A downlink transmission of Multiple-input-Single-output (MISO) has been designed ‘Basestation’ equipped by multiple transmitting antennas and users (legitimate and Eavesdropper) with single receiving antenna can focus the information signal in the direction of the intended/information user while minimizing the signal's quality as received by an eavesdropper. The technique of Artificial Noise AN is also researched in addition to beamforming. The secrecy rate performance measured as Bit-error-ratio BER vs SNR in SIMO system model implemented with the receiving beamforming schemes MRC and EGC suggested that the MRC is considered as an optimal receive beamforming diversity technique in order to achieve a best secrecy rate of transmitted signal and as it was compared to secrecy rate performance resulted from MISO system model