This study highlights the simulation of a hypothetical fracture in the largest beam tube connected to the core of the Tajoura Nuclear Research Centre's (TNRC) reactor with low enrichment uranium, which produces a maximum thermal power equal to 9.7MW. This study was conducted for the purpose of evaluating the safety of the reactor core when the fracture occurs. The reactor core is cooled in normal operation by downward pumping of coolant (light water) and forced convection, while the reactor core is cooled by natural convection when the cooling pumps stop and after the emergency tank is filled to extract the decay heat. As a result of the temperature difference between the water in the reactor core and the reactor pool, and as a result of the density difference, a reverse flow of coolant occurs in the upward direction. When a break occurs in one of the beam tubes, the Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) is started. Consequently, the water level will decrease, and when it reaches 7.4 meters, the cooling pumps will coast down, and thus the SCRAM takes place at the reactor. Because the beam tubes are located in the middle of the reactor core, the water level in the reactor pool will continue to decrease until the denudation of the core takes place when the reactor core is denudated and exposed to air. In this case, the reactor is cooled by two means of heat transfer: natural convection and radiation. Radiation takes place at high temperature differences, in this case, most of heat transfer occurs by natural convection. The MATLAB program was used in this study to perform hydraulic calculations over time in the hottest cell in the reactor core. The results showed that the surface temperatures of the clad exceed the maximum temperature allowed for the surface of the clad (102°C). The temperatures obtained in the surface clad (Aluminum) were compared with the melting temperature, which is 660°C, and it was found that at time 260 sec the clad surface temperature exceeds the melting point. Therefore, it was noticed that when the reactor core is exposed to the air, there is no ability to remove the decay heat by natural convection nor radiation. Thus, temperatures will rise, which will lead to fuel deterioration. To avoid this, it is better to operate the reactor at lower powers thus the decay heat becomes less. In addition, closing the shutters of the beam tubes when the breakage occurs to reduce the amount of leakage and loss of the coolant.

This study is about conducting an economic comparison for establishing small and modular or large reactors in Libya, as analysts and decision makers often want to obtain estimates of the expected cost. There is a national project to establish the first nuclear station in Libya. The aim of this project is to study 19 infrastructure issues according to the International Atomic Energy Agency's Milestone Approach for any newcomer country that embarks on acquiring a nuclear station. One of these important elements of the study is the economic feasibility study of the project. For this, the IAEA INPRO NES simulator tool was used to make this comparison. During this study, the cost of a reactor unit with a capacity equal to 1085 megawatts was compared with approximately 4 equivalent units of the same capacity with small and modular reactors with a capacity of up to 300 megawatts -119921- per unit. These values were chosen to economically compare between a large reactor and four small units for the same total capacity of 1085 megawatts. From the results obtained, it was found that the estimated cost of 4 small and modular reactor units is $67.69 mill per kilowatt-hour, while the estimated cost of the LWR unit is $55.37 mill per kilowatt-hour, which means that establishing 4 SMRs units with a capacity of 300 megawatts per unit is more expensive than establishing a unit of a large 1085 MW reactor. A sensitivity analysis is applied for different discount rates, overnight construction costs, construction time to assess the levelized unit energy cost where the impact of the discount rate is obvious. There is a kind of trade-off between cost and the strength of the electrical network in Libya, as the electrical network is currently weak. It is possible to move forward with small and modular reactors or improve the electrical network to establish a nuclear station with large reactors.

Abstract::

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of linear and nonlinear structural analysis methods, evaluating their Its effect in optimizing and sustaining structural designs. By leveraging advanced scientific data and analytical techniques, this study aims to discern the optimal conditions and scenarios for employing each method. The research includes detailed calculations, comparative data, and case studies, emphasizing the sustainability implications and long-term benefits of each approach.

Water injection has proven to be one of the most successful, efficient and cost-effective reservoir management strategies. By reinjecting treated and filtered water into tanks, this approach can help maintain tank pressure, increase hydrocarbon production, and reduce environmental impact. The goal of this project is to create a water injection model using Eclipse tank simulation software to better understand water injection methods to maintain tank pressure. A basic reservoir model is utilized in this investigation. The simulation was performed about 52 years using ECLIPSE Reservoir simulator. In all cases, result shows that oil production with water injection is higher compared with the base case. With this, it would be preferred to apply waterflooding for oil recovery in depleted reservoirs to the use of primary methods. It is also observed that water breakthrough is earlier and water production increases gently with water injection rates. Sensitivity on the injection rate using the 3D model showed that the injection rate has impact on the process. The pressure increases with high injection water rate in all cases. Despite higher reservoir pressure and early in water breakthrough, water flooding accounts for less oil recovery due to rapid water production. Generally, based on the results and discussions, it can be concluded that the water injection option can be used to increase the reservoir pressure to a good extent. 

Abstract::

The growing urgency for sustainable construction practices has necessitated a reevaluation of traditional design approaches in favor of more environmentally responsible methodologies. This paper presents a comparative analysis between optimal and adequate structural design within the context of sustainable construction. Focusing on two case studies—a cutting-edge, sustainably designed commercial building (the Bullitt Center) and a conventional mid-rise residential building in Chicago—the research explores how different design philosophies impact material efficiency, environmental footprint, economic performance, and occupant satisfaction.Through detailed life cycle assessments (LCA) and life cycle energy analyses (LCEA), the study quantifies the advantages of optimal design, which integrates advanced materials, renewable energy systems, and water conservation technologies. The findings demonstrate that while optimal design requires a higher initial investment, it significantly reduces long-term operational costs and environmental impact, achieving a net-zero energy status and greatly improving occupant well-being. In contrast, the conventional building, which adheres to standard design practices, exhibits higher embodied energy, greater environmental degradation, and lower occupant satisfaction.The paper concludes that optimal structural design is not only more sustainable but also economically viable over the building's life span. It emphasizes the importance of integrating sustainability from the earliest stages of design to achieve meaningful environmental and economic benefits. The study calls for the adoption of policy incentives and advanced modeling tools to facilitate the widespread implementation of optimal design principles in the construction industry.

The main goal of this study (which the comprehensive reservoir study for Libyan X Field plan of development) is to predict future performance of a reservoir and find ways and means of optimizing the recovery of some of the hydrocarbon under various operating conditions. The simulator results show the reservoir pressure history curve is matching to the stimulation curve, this gives a good indication of the input data that has been entered to the model. The driving mechanism for all those reservoirs it comes from three natural forces, which are fluid expansion, PV compressibility, and water influx. The best method to choose as secondary recovery for this oil field is water and gas Injection. Water and gas Injection have the largest Total Field Recovery. Water and gas Injection have the highest Reservoir Pressure at the end of the project. The highest percentage of oil recovery was when the water and gas were injected and it reached 58%, then when the water was injected and it reached 55%, and then when the gas was actually injected and it reached 54%. The field pressure rise was greater when water and gas were injected, and the pressure reached 792 psi, while it was less when only water was injected, reaching 435.5 psi, and when only gas was injected, it reached 412.9 psi. Finally, central objective of this master thesis with the help of reservoir simulation fulfilled to produce future prediction that will lead to optimize reservoir performance which meant reservoir developed in the manner that brings utmost benefit to the commercial business.

Identifying the driving mechanism and PVT analysis is important for optimizing reservoir development plans through primary, secondary, or tertiary recovery methods. Also, determining the size of an aquifer (based on its response to pressure support) provides a means of calibrating known physics against production data, which once calibrated can be used for prediction. In this paper, the types of natural drivers of the reservoir were estimated and compared using a program called MBAL after matching production history data with model results. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the basic driving mechanisms and PVT analysis using MBAL software for Intisar D field. The final project results can be seen matching the real data of the reservoir with the program results using MBAL software. The simulation results show that the reservoir pressure history curve matches the stimulation curve, and this gives a good indication of the input data fed into the model. The driving mechanism for all these tanks comes from three natural forces, namely fluid expansion, compression, and water flow. It started with the expansion of the fluid from 0 to 0.60, with the compressibility from 0.60 to 0.89, and with the flow of water from 0.89 to 1 is the flow of water.

A type of EOR, secondary production includes water flooding and gas injection. Normally, gas is injected into the gas cap and water is injected into the production zone to sweep oil from the reservoir. A pressure-maintenance program can begin during the primary recovery stage, but it is a form of enhanced recovery. The main purpose of this report is to investigate the effect of the reservoir rock compressibility on oil recovery factor during gas injection. The problem statement of this study is firstly, as the reservoir oil and gas production under primary conditions, causes the reservoir pressure to decline. Secondly, A gas injection is required to re-energize or “re-pressurize" the reservoir. The main objective of this project is to investigate the effect of the reservoir fluid densities on oil recovery factor during gas injection. By using ECLIPES Software, we model the data and find out the best prediction of gas injection that is suitable for the available field data. It is proven that the optimum oil production is by injection a high amount of injection rate. The highest increase in percentage of the total gas production is when an injection of 54 MMSCF is 0.58 %. The higher the compressibility value of the rock, will give the higher the rate of oil and gas production. The relationship between oil rate, gas rate, pressure, and oil recovery factor are directing the compressibility of rocks is a direct relationship.

Blades are the very important components of wind turbines in order to convert wind energy to mechanical or electrical energy. Therefore, the aerodynamic forces acting on the horizontal wind turbine blades have an important role in their performance. The objective of this paper is to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics and power generation properties for a NREL PHASE VI wind turbine blade. For this purpose, an analysis procedure based on the Blade Element Method (BEM) is demonstrated for a horizontal-axis wind turbine model (HAWT), and the methodology approach is discussed in detail throughout this paper. In this study, a Math Lab code has been developed for analyzing a model of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) in order to display aerodynamic behaviour on the blade. The NACA S809 airfoil was selected for the analysis of the wind turbine blade, where the tip and root losses proposed by Prandtl are also executed. The calculated results are validated using Q-Blade commercial software at rated wind speed of 10 m/s and show that the BEM is a good method of aerodynamic investigation of a HAWT blade