In this work, the estimation capacity of the response surface methodology (RSM), in the catalytic naphtha reforming to enhance the octane number of reformats via isomerization reaction pathway and minimize the aromatization activity over tri-metallic modified Pt-Re/Al2O3 catalyst were investigated by applying Design of experiment (DOE). The parent bimetallic catalysts were modified using a relatively inactive metal (Sn) by means of employing non-conventional method of anchoring technique called controlled surface reaction (CSR) method in order to favor the intimate contact of Sn with the active phase to suppress the metallic character of Pt metal. The correlations between RON, aromatization and isomerization activities with three reaction variables namely temperature (480-510oC), pressure (10-30 bar) and space velocity LHSV (1.2-1.8 h-1) were presented as empirical mathematical models via reforming of a complex mixture (80oC -185oC). Numerical results indicated that the minimum aromatization activity was 20% when reaction temperature was 460oC and pressure of 35 bar. Results also show that maximum isomerization activity of 58% was achieved when pressure is 30 bar and space velocity is 1.8 h. it has been found that optimum value of RON = 89 was attained at 449.9oC, 32 bar and 1.7 h-1. However, high operating pressure and low reaction temperature significantly decrease the aromatization activity coupled with substantial decrease in RON which can be enhanced by producing high yield of isomers.  

This paper presents the findings of the investigation of ERP implementation. It highlights the challenges and experiences of Libyan Companies in ERP implementation. The success factors, failures are analyzed and have proposed recommendations to improve ERP implementation. The adopted research approach covers both quantitative and qualitative methods. The data collection methods used were questionnaires, 75 out of 100 questionnaires were returned sufficiently completed. The paper contributes to discussion based on literature review and ERP implementation in developing economics. The results of the study revealed that the majority of the respondents are aware of what ERP is all about, and they are also aware about critical issues in the implementation of ERP. The findings revealed that: failure to select committees needed for the successful implementation of ERP, an inadequate financial budget and resources, and failure to make knowledgeable input at the planning stage can be problems to successful implementation of ERP. The conclusions suggest for addressing challenges and problems in the ERP implementation. Enough time should be provided to project team, show leadership in change management and sufficient resources should be allocated for the proper implementation of ERP.

The effect of a relatively inactive metal on the texture properties and catalytic performance of bi-metallic platinum–rhenium (Pt–Re)–S/Al2O3–Cl catalyst was investigated. The concentration of introduced tin (Sn) varied between 0.06 and 0.32 % (weight basis). The parent and modified catalysts were characterized using the following techniques; BET, X-ray diffraction, SEM–EDX, and atomic absorption spectroscopy/inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. The bi-metallic and tri-metallic catalysts were also screened for their activity and selectivity in the reforming of n-octane under the following conditions: T = 480 °C, p = 10 bar, WHSV = 3.3 h⁻¹ and H2:HC = 4.5. Results showed that, on n-octane conversion, selectivity have changed favorably i.e., low selectivity to aromatics but high selectivity to iso-paraffins and olefins. In addition, less cracking products were detected and high liquid yields (LYs) were obtained. However, there is a strong and closely linear correlation between aromatics and octane number. The results of this work showed that catalyst with Sn >0.14 and <0.32 performed the best catalyst i.e., no major effect on research octane number, LY and selectivity with the addition of more Sn.

Usually fin represent as one of the important structures in all type of airplane and the fin structure was greatly improved, especially for modern supersonic speed constructions. The main aim of delta fin construction is to minimize the weight of structure as much as possible and keeping the stiffness of material structural in margin of safety under design load [1]. The primary difference between classical method and finite element are the view structure and the ensuring solution procedure. Classical method considers the structure as a continuum whose behavior is governed by partial or ordinary differential equations [2]. By using finite element method consider the structure to be an assembly of small finite-sized particles. The behavior of the particles and the overall structure is obtained by formulating a system of algebraic equation that can be readily solved by developed methodology, which will be presented in form of software.

This work is focused on nucleation stages during isothermal austenite transformation in two types of Vanadium micro-alloyed steels. Isothermal treatment was carried out in the temperature range 350 to 600οC. Metallographic evaluation using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) enabled determination of the nucleation curves of isothermally decomposed austenite. Three curves are found to be relevant to this initiation stage of transformation: first curve is related to grain boundary nucleated ferrite (GBF), second curve is related to intra-granularly nucleated ferrite (IGF) and the third to pearlite (P) curve. GBF and IGF curves are divided into two regions, which represents the high temperature and the low temperature segments as consequence of either displacive nature of transformation or diffusion transformation. Addition of Ti to V – micro-alloyed steel in this work seems to be balanced by a slightly higher C and Mn content, leading to limited effect on nucleation stage of austenite decomposition.

In this contribution, vertically aligned carbon nanotubes were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The effects of intrinsic disorders constructed by mobile surface contaminants on the structural perfection of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were investigated. The results indicated a complete picture on the effect of the involved parameters on the lattice defects of modulated CNTs based on the cooling step. Raman scattering showed that the different cooling methods of the CVD preforms altered the bound complex defects of the structure of the CNTs. Moreover, an array of CNTs was removed from the silicon substrate by applying the neutralized cooling method on the CVD, while the vertical and parallel orientations were retained. The FESEM images, coupled with Raman spectroscopy results, confirm the morphological improvements of the growth CNTs based on the neutralized cooling method.

Mobile augmented reality is growing rapidly because of the growth of smartphones. Due to the portable

nature of smartphones, mobile augmented reality devices have become the most widely deployed consumer

augmented reality display device and show promise for becoming the first commercial success for augmented

reality technologies. The role of the user is identified and forwarded to the respective module. Cognitive

engagement and interactivity are the main two factors of influenced learning where the engagements are focused in

Learnability identification module. When a common, single optical tracking platform is available the reachability

and performance can also be increased without affecting the efficiency, which will be done in AllinoneAR Module.

An integrated framework consisting of three above stated modules is proposed in this paper

l security perspective of Cloud computing with the aim to highlight the problem from the cloud stakeholders' perspective, and the cloud service delivery models perspective. The paper aims also to introduce the mechanisms used to secure cloud computing applications as well as to compare some providers of cloud computing field with each other in general and security aspects. 

The use of gas for power generation is likely to increase in the medium term. Also, the introduction of new fuels will ensure a higher generation with lower emissions under continuous operation. These scenarios lead to the conclusion that there will be a considerably more diverse range of fuel supply. However, the use of these new fuels contrasts with recent experiences of global operators who report increasing emissions and difficult combustion dynamics with even moderate variations in their fuel characteristics. Clearly there are significant challenges for fuel flexible gas turbines, particularly emission control, combustor dynamics and flame stability.

Trials using a power derivative gas turbine combustor and a high hydrogen content fuel produced unusual flashback events, in that flashback was induced by either leaning of the fuel mixture by the increase of combustion air, or by a change in composition through the reduction of methane pilot fuel. The introduction of CO₂ through the combustors pilot injector prevented flashback from occurring under these circumstances. The resulting reduction of temperature in the combustion zone, indicated by lower burner tip temperatures causes a reduction in the emissions of nitrous oxides, whilst there is minimal effect on the effective turbine inlet temperature, only a 2.3% reduction.

Investigations using a ‘generic’, radial swirl burner and stereo PIV demonstrated how the flashback depended on a combination of flow structure augmentation and changes in mixture burning rate. The injection of methane or CO₂ had differing effect on these parameters of the combustion zone, but both produced combinations that facilitated stability.