It has been noted the wide spread of the use of composite materials due to their specific strength that made them the best alternative to many other materials,However, the high cost of synthetic fibers represents an obstacle to the use of composite materials in most applications. Therefore, research has tended to test natural fibers, which are the ideal solution for using composite materials in many industries such as furniture, flooring, decoration, and others. This paper concerned with the study of natural composite materials made of Libyan almond shells. Three different sizes of ground almond shells were studied: large size in the form of grains, medium size, and the small size (powder form). These crushed peels were mixed with the resinous polyester resin in four proportions: ratio of 80: 20, 60: 40, 40: 60, and 20: 80. Three basic tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of the samplesIt has been noted the wide spread of the use of composite materials due to their specific strength that made them the best alternative to many other materials, However, the high cost of synthetic fibers represents an obstacle to the use of composite materials in most applications. Therefore, research has tended to test natural fibers, which are the ideal solution for using composite materials in many industries such as furniture, flooring, decoration, and others. This paper concerned with the study of natural composite materials made of Libyan almond shells. Three different sizes of ground almond shells were studied: large size in the form of grains, medium size, and the small size (powder form). These crushed peels were mixed with the resinous polyester resin in four proportions: ratio of 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, and 20:80. Three basic tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of the samples: impact test, tensile test, and flexural test. The results showed that samples made of almond peels in a powder form exhibits the best results among all other kind of specimens for three mentioned tests of mechanical properties.

It has been noted the wide spread of the use of composite materials due to their specific strength that made them the best alternative to many other materials, However, the high cost of synthetic fibers represents an obstacle to the use of composite materials in most applications. Therefore, research has tended to test natural fibers, which are the ideal solution for using composite materials in many industries such as furniture, flooring, decoration, and others. This paper concerned with the study of natural composite materials made of Libyan almond shells. Three different sizes of ground almond shells were studied: large size in the form of grains, medium size, and the small size (powder form). These crushed peels were mixed with the resinous polyester resin in four proportions: ratio of 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, and 20:80. Three basic tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical properties of the samples: impact test, tensile test, and flexural test. The results showed that samples made of almond peels in a powder form exhibits the best results among all other kind of specimens for three mentioned tests of mechanical properties.

Pressure vessels are an important part of the industrial world and therefore hold a special interest from mechanical engineers. The main objective of using the pressure vessels are used as containers to contain many of materials such as: liquids, air, gases, chemical compounds and fuel. In this study, a horizontal pressure vessel holding 10 m3 of pressurized Liquid Propane Gas (LPG) is designed, modeled, simulated and analyzed by following the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standard for the design

This paper aims to design, modeling and manufacturing a prototype composite winding machine used to produce corrugated composite tubes. Seven different types of tubes can be produced: Radial Corrugated Tube (RCT), Radial Corrugated Surrounded by Cylindrical Tube (RCSCT), Cylindrical Tube (CT), Tangential Corrugated Tube (TCT), Tangential Corrugated Surrounded by Cylindrical Tube (TCSCT), Combined Radial and Tangential Corrugated Tube (CRTCT), and Combined Radial and Tangential Corrugated Surrounded by Cylindrical Tube (CRTCSCT). All types can be produced with different size. Although it is designed mainly for composites, however, paper, and thin sheet of metallic materials can be used as raw material too. Different fiber forms can be used such as knitted, woven roving, continuous filament, or chopped mat of glass or carbon fiber. Corrugation profile can be changed to any required shape such as sinusoidal, triangular, square, rectangular, trapezoidal, or combination of any two or more profiles. The machine uses a special technique utilizing a mandrel that can be driven manually as well as automatically. A prototype of a designed machine have been manufactured, and tested. Two different samples of prospected products have been produced successfully.

In this paper, a series of experiments were conducted including testing of the capabilities of composite material as an energy absorber. Composite plate specimens with different corrugation profile have been fabricated and tested under the same condition. The corrugated profiles are: sinusoidal, triangle, and square shape. All these specimens were made of glass fibers using hand layup technique. The corrugated plates are subjected to quasi-static compression load. In addition to that same kind of tested specimens have been modeled and tested using Finite Element Method (FEM). Theoretical and experimental results in a form of energy absorption and specific energy have been recorded. It is found that results of theoretical and experimental tests are almost exactly identical. It has been observed that composite plate with square profile recorded the highest energy absorption and specific energy for theoretical as well as experimental tests.

This paper is devoted to study the effect of crashing of vehicles with concrete blocks that placed around lighting poles. Unexpected dangers takes place if crashing occurs. It may cause death of the driver and passengers, or severe injuries. In order to minimize or eliminate this risk, a system made of corrugated composite material plates have been designed to replace the concrete blocks around lighting poles. This system is made of reinforced fiber glass and it is modeled to crash with a model of car exactly similar to the real one, forming a simulation of car accident. Modeling process takes place using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). ANSYS software utilized for this purpose. Simulation was performed at three different speeds of the vehicle. Results obtained have been recorded in a form of deformed mesh, and contours. The results proved that the new designed system is working perfectly and it has the ability to absorb impact energy caused by car accident. Therefore, by using composite material instead of concrete, risk of death and injuries will minimized or completely eliminated.

The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of replacing

the internal casing of water boiler that made of metallic material by a

similar one made of composite materials. An intensive theoretical study

have been carried out on domestic electrical water boiler using modeling

technique. Analysis and modeling process was performed using Finite

Element Method. Thermal conductivity which is the main parameter

affecting heat transfer has been tested for composite material as well as

for metallic materials. Results showed that it is more convenient to use

composite material for inner case of water boiler instead of metallic

material. Composite materials are lighter than metallic material, much

safer (eliminate possibility of electrical shock), and it hasn't corrosion

problems. It is found that it is possible to replace the internal case of

water boiler made of metallic material with a wall thickness of 7 mm by

an equivalent composite material case made of glass fiber with the same

thickness. Obtained results showed that seven layers of composite

materials forming similar wall thickness is an optimum case with respect

of heat transfer and thermal conductivity.

Abstract—Solar water heaters are used widely in places where solar energy is abundant. However, thermal energy storage systems are required due to the availability of solar energy only during day-time. The solution to this need is to design a thermal storage system with PCMs to provide hot water for domestic usage during night-time. This paper aims to provide a numerical simulation of the storage tank using ANSYS software, in which phase change materials are being utilized to find alternative ways to improve the thermal efficiency of hot water tanks. The factors that increase this efficiency, such as improving the thermal conductivity of paraffin wax using Encapsulated Phase Change Materials (PCMs) as spheres around the heat exchanger and the time for melting and solidification will be studied

This paper presents the dynamic crushing performance of corrugated composite plate with different profiles. Samples of sinusoidal, square, and triangular corrugated profiles were experimentally tested. They were subjected to axial impact load. A weight of 10.5 kg have been freely dropped from a height of 1m, 2m, and 3m. The idea is to understand the effect of corrugation geometry on energy absorption performance. All specimens have been manufactured by hand lay-up technique using woven roving E-glass fabric and polyester resin with six layers. Similar specimens have been tested before under the effect of quasi-static compression load. Quasi–static testing is simpler and less expensive than dynamic testing and facilities are more readily available. Quasi–static can provide good qualitative assessment as to the trend of different variables upon energy absorption. However, for useful design data, dynamic testing is essential to determine a quantitative measure of energy absorption. Results obtained from dynamic tests conducted showed that corrugation profile has high effect on energy absorption capability. It is also observed that, specimens of square profile recorded the highest capability of energy absorption characteristics compared with sinusoidal and triangular profiles. This result came exactly in conformity with the results of quasi-static load applied on similar specimen that performed in a previous research.

The quality requirements for concrete reinforcement have increased interest in optimizing the mechanical properties of reinforcing bars used for the construction of all types of structures such as buildings, bridges and other constructions. The variability of mechanical properties of reinforcing steel bars manufactured from scrap metals by local manufacturers in Libya have been investigated in this paper. Sydee-Assayh Steel Factory (SASF) is one of the private steel factories established recently in Libya. This factory uses mainly scrap metals as raw material. This was motivated by the fact that it has been noticed that the use of the substandard reinforcing bars in construction industry could lead to collapse of the structures reinforced with these bars in many developing countries. Therefore a series of experimental tests were conducted to find mechanical properties of Sydee-Assyh Steel Factory products. Steel rods samples of 12mm and 14mm diameter were selected randomly and tested. Results found were compared with Libyan specifications (LNS-75) and ASTM standard (A-615), and found almost satisfactory.

Corrugated composite plate with different profile may be of interest for energy absorption application due to their improved crashworthiness. In the current paper, square profile corrugated composite plates made of fiber glass reinforced plastic (FGRP) are introduced as energy absorption structure. Different arrangements of the corrugated plate are tested. In addition to that, the effect of placing a flat composite plate made from same material is studied experimentally. Multilayers (single, double, and triple layers) of the square profile corrugated composite plates have been fabricated and tested under the same condition. The tested specimens are subjected to quasi-static compression load. The well-known crashworthiness parameters are being recorded and used to compare the different configurations.

The article presents the effect of dimensions and geometry on the crushing behavior, energy absorption, failure mechanism, and failure mode of woven roving glass fiber/epoxy laminated composite tube. Three sizes (big CCT1, medium CCT2, and small CCT3) of cylindrical composite tubes (CCT) were fabricated and tested under the same conditions. Comprehensive experimental work was conducted that includes axial and lateral quasi-static crushing test to examine the influence of the design parameters on the energy absorption characteristics of CCT. Load–displacement curves and deformation histories were presented and discussed. Different parameters were obtained from studying of load–displacement curves, these parameters are: initial failure load, average crushing load, and total energy absorption.

The main objective of this article is to study composite structures as an energy absorption system. The method of approach has been to fabricate and test a series of composite plates with sinusoidal corrugation profile. These plates have been subjected to compression load. In order to achieve this aim, an extensive experimental as well as theoretical study has been conducted. Tested specimens were fabricated and tested in the same conditions. In addition to that, multi layers of composite plates with sinusoidal profiles were fabricated and tested. Results showed that the specific energy absorption and load carrying capacity increased with the increase of the number of corrugated plates. It has been found that, the relationship between the two factors is directly proportional.

This article presents the quasi-static crushing performance of six different geometrical shapes of small scale corrugated composite plates with triangular profile. The idea is to understand the effect of corrugation profile, and number of layers on the progressive deformation and energy absorption capability of corrugated composite plates of triangular profile with multi layers. Different corrugated composite plates of triangular profile with single, double, and triple layers have been manufactured by hand layup technique using woven roving fiber glass/epoxy. In addition to that, flat composite plates have been made using same materials. These plates have been placed in-between some specimens of corrugated composite plates. Several quasi-static tests have been conducted for all six shapes of tested models under same conditions.

In this work, in addition to the 16-corrugation that have been tested, three more models with same dimensions and different corrugation density have been tested too. 18-corrugation, 20-corrugation, and 22-corrugation (RCCT-18, RCCT-20, and RCCT-22) have been investigated. Here, it is wise to mention that all corrugations have the same shape and dimensions. Moreover, 22 corrugations were found the maximum number of corrugations that can be fabricated in the tube circumference. In other words it was impossible to fabricate a tube with more than 22-corrugations at that certain diameter, since all tested composite tubes have the same length and diameter at all testing phases. Results show that corrugation density has an influence on the performance of composite shells as an energy absorber. It has been found that as corrugation density increases, total energy absorption increases.

Today the use of composite materials in different kinds of applications is accelerating rapidly. Composite materials have become common engineering materials and are designed and manufactured for various application. This paper involves an experimental program including testing the capabilities of hybrid material s (composite and metallic materials) as an energy absorber. The method of approach has been to fabricate and test a series of specimens. The specimens have cylindrical shape; they are fabricated using hand lay-up technique. Hybrid specimens involve two subtypes: metallic cylinder surrounded by three layers of composite cylinder referred as M/C, and three layers of composite cylinder form the internal part surrounded by metallic cylinder referred as C/M (Fig.1). Hybrid model are subjected to lateral quasi static compression load.

This research presents the effect of corrugation geometry on the crushing behavior, energy absorption, of woven roving glass fiber/epoxy laminated composite shells. Experimental investigations were carried out on three geometrical different types of composite shells subjected to compressive loadings. The results showed that the loading carrying capability is significantly influenced by corrugation geometry in axial crushing. Load–displacement curve was plotted for all conducted tests

Abstract: This paper presenting the effect of corrugation geometry on the crushing behavior, energy absorption, failure mechanism, and failure mode of woven roving glass fibre/epoxy laminated composite tubes subjected to lateral compression load. A comprehensive experimental program has been carried out on three geometrically different types of composite tubes: radial corrugated composite tubes, cylindrical composite tubes, and corrugated surrounded by cylindrical tubes. The three structures are made of woven roving glass fibre/epoxy 600 g/sqm. All specimens fabricated under the same conditions with a fixed number of layers equal to six.

Abstract

This paper presents the quasi-static crushing performance of corrugated composite tube with triangular profile. The idea is to understand the effect of corrugation profile on the energy absorption capability of corrugated composite tube of triangular profile with multi layers. Different corrugated composite tubes of triangular profile have been fabricated by hand lay-up technique using woven roving fiber glass/epoxy. Several quasi-static tests have been conducted. for all six shapes of tested models under same conditions. Results showed that the crushing characteristics and energy absorption is highly affected by corrugation profile. 

Abstract

This paper presents the effect of corrugation geometry on the crushing behavior, energy absorption, failure mechanism, and failure mode of woven roving glass fibre/epoxy laminated composite tube. Experimental investigations were carried out on three geometrical different types of composite tubes subjected to axial and lateral compressive loadings. On the addition to a radial corrugated composite tube, cylindrical composite tube, and corrugated surrounded by cylindrical tube were fabricated and tested under the same condition in order to know the effect of corrugation geometry. The results showed that the loading carrying capability is significantly influenced by corrugation geometry in axial crushing. However, no affect of corrugation geometry was observed for lateral crushing. Load–displacement curve was plotted for all conducted tests, thus clear comparison between different specimen's geometry was achieved. It is also found that radial corrugation could significantly applicable as a stable and effective energy absorber.

The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of the dimensions of composite tubes on their specific energy absorption capacity. Experimental investigations were carried out on three geometrical different cylindrical composite tubes subjected to compressive loading. More over a radial corrugated composite tube was subjected to the same load conditions in order to examine the varying of shape influence on the energy absorption of composite materials. Initial results indicate that for cylindrical tubes, diameter to thickness ratio has a significant effect on the energy absorption. Reduction in tube d/t ratio results in an increase in energy absorption. More over results show also radial corrugated composite tubes exhibit higher total energy absorption than cylindrical composite tubes.

This research is devoted to investigate the effect of structural geometry on the crushing behaviour, energy absorption, failure mechanism, and failure mode of radial corrugated composite shells. A multi-discipline literature review on the use of composite materials in the field of crashworthiness was carried out. Based on the literature review findings, new composite structure (Radial Corrugated Composite Tube RCCT) was proposed to be fabricated and investigated experimentally.

In this article an investigation was conducted to evaluate the level of conformity of reinforcing steel rods produced from recycled scraps by Zliten Steel Factory (ZSF) with relevant to Libyan specifications and international standards. A series of experimental tests were conducted to find ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and hardness. Bending test has been conducted too. Reinforcing steel rods samples of 12 and 14 mm diameter were subjected to mechanical properties investigations. The tests were carried out for samples selected randomly through three batches at different time. Obtained results were compared with Libyan specifications (LNS-75) and ASTM standard (A-615). Results showed that the locally produced reinforcing steel were conform with the Libyan and international standards in terms of yield stress, ultimate tensile stress, and hardness.

Abstract:

A detailed experimental investigation of the quasi-static lateral crushing of composite cylindrical tubes between flat platens has been carried out. Tubes employed were made of glass fibre reinforced with epoxy. Behaviour of tubes as regards the peak crushing load, post collapse load, energy absorbed and mode of crushing has been discussed. The load displacement response is plotted graphically.

Abstract

This paper is devoted to study the effect of corrugation geometry on the crushing behavior, energy absorption, failure mechanism, and failure mode of woven roving glass fibre/epoxy laminated composite tubes. A comprehensive experimental program has been carried out on two geometrically different types of composite tubes subjected to axial compressive loading conditions. A cylindrical composite tube has been fabricated and tested in order to provide a means of comparison with corrugated composite tube. Both are tested under the same condition to establish the effect of corrugation geometry. The results showed that the initial failure was dominated by interfacial failure, while a folded zone grows progressively down in a form of mushrooming failure. The results also showed that radial corrugated composite tube (RCCT) exhibited good energy absorption capability than circular composite tube (CCT).

Abstract: The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of the dimensions of composite tubes on their specific energy absorption capacity. Experimental investigations were carried out on three geometrical different cylindrical composite tubes subjected to compressive loading. More over a radial corrugated composite tube was subjected to the same load conditions in order to examine the varying of shape influence on the energy absorption of composite materials. Initial results indicate that for cylindrical tubes, diameter to thickness ratio has a significant effect on the energy absorption. Reduction in tube d/t ratio results in an increase in energy absorption. More over results show also radial corrugated composite tubes exhibit higher total energy absorption than cylindrical composite tubes. 

Abstract

           This paper presents the effect of corrugation geometry on the crushing behavior, energy absorption, failure mechanism, and failure mode of woven roving glass fibre/ epoxy laminated composite tube. Experimental investigations were carried out on three geometrical different types of composite tubes subjected to compressive loading. On the addition to a radial corrugated composite tube, cylindrical composite tube, and corrugated surrounded by cylindrical tube were fabricated and tested under the same condition in order to know the effect of corrugation geometry. 

This research presents the effect of radial corrugation geometry on the crushing behavior, energy absorption, failure mechanism, and failure mode of woven roving glass fibre/ epoxy laminated composite tube. Experimental investigations were carried out on three geometrical different types of composite tubes subjected to compressive loading. On the addition to a radial corrugated composite tube, cylindrical composite tube, and corrugated surrounded by cylindrical tube were fabricated and tested under the same condition in order to know the effect of corrugation geometry. 

Abstract: This paper is devoted to study the effect of corrugation geometry on the crushing behavior, energy absorption, failure mechanism, and failure mode of woven roving glass fibre/epoxy laminated composite tubes. A comprehensive experimental program has been carried out on three geometrically different types of composite tubes subjected to axial compressive loading conditions. A novel method has been developed to fabricate the radial laminated corrugated composite tubes, cylindrical composite tubes, and corrugated surrounded by cylindrical tubes. All are tested under the same condition to establish the effect of corrugation geometry.

To de sign an optimum die, it ha s been unde rstood that it is very di ffic ult to achieve the target practically witho ut prior prediction. It need s contin uo us monitoring of the proce ss, starting from the fir st shot until the fail ure of the die. Even then it cannot be said that, the die ha s been optimi sed to prod uce a parti cular part. To decide so, several te sts sho uld be carried o ut on the same part. As thi s will be very co stly, it wo uld be unwi se to do it. B ut in the pre sence of theoretical analy si s, the n umber of te sts will be red uced. For the se rea son s the Finite Element Analy sis (FEA) would appear to be well suited to inve stigate the re spon se of such sy stem to struct ure and potential loading. Such a comp utational inve stigation is the subject of thi s re search. 

Abstract: This paper is to find the influence of thermal stresses on die casting design. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) have been utilized for this purpose. Different parameters such as temperature, and mechanical properties of die material are studied. Temperature transients at different locations of the specimens are measured and used in calibration of finite element model (FEM). The computation of transient stresses is performed by developed FEM. The results showed significant differences in produced thermal stresses for analyzed materials, test parameters, and edge geometries.

Abstract: Die ca sting process is one of the widely used processes in the manufacturing area. It has the capability for high production rate s with good strength, high quality part s with complex shape s. Die is the main factor which affect s the cost of this process. Even when the process is semi or fully automated the cost of the die is proportionately high. Commercially available FEA Software (LUSAS) has been u sed. A full Finite Element Analysis was carried out in order to achieve an optimum de sign, and to predict the die life. The analysis has been repeated several time s for different element s to achieve the best possible de sign. Since ca sting is a repetitive manufacturing process, fatigue load was taken into consideration and analysis carried out for a high number of cycle s.